Psycho Parlour Scene Analysis - 788 Words

Everyone has as a good and evil side to him or her. In this scene of Psycho it shows the both sides of Marion and Norman. Through the use of camera angles, film techniques, dialogue, and sound effects, the film portrays the main characters, as they are being trapped, unable to escape their state of mind, the guilt of their actions. These sides are shown mostly through the lighting. Certain conflicts and how the characters deal with them and each other are what shape the structure of the movie. These conflicts show the audience many sides of good and evil portrayed by the different characters in particular Marion and Norman. Lighting is used expressively in the film. When Marion goes to the Bates motel the lighting is more subdued.†¦show more content†¦As he did with the lighting, Hitchcock shapes the scene in terms of contrasts. We see Marion sitting comfortably in her chair, leaning slightly forward, and enjoying a sandwich Norman has made for her. Hitchcock places the camera near eye level so the audience sees Marion as two people might see each other while sitting and talking. There is nothing unusual in this. In fact, this particular angle provides the audience with a sense of normalcy and comfort in Marions presence.Show MoreRelatedPsycho And A Game Of Thrones1608 Words   |  7 PagesPsycho and A Game of Thrones are both texts that cause the audience to reflect on today’s society’s ethical view. Compare how do both authors portray this idea throughout each text? Alfred Hitchcock in the film Psycho and George R. R. Martin in the novel A Game of Thrones both use different techniques and methods to portray their ideas and values, reflecting on ethical views of today society. Both the authors have controversially impacted today’s society with their work and have embed these differentRead MoreAnalysis of Psycho Essay1989 Words   |  8 PagesAnalysis of Psycho Psycho, originally released in 1957 as a novel written by Robert Bloch, is now better known as a film by the true master of suspense, Alfred Hitchcock. The version was first viewed by the audience on a big screen in 1960. Taking on the role of the editor and director, he created a film that merely survived the censorship laws. In the course of making the film he broke all film conventions at the time by displaying its leading female having lunch inRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 Pagestheory focuses attention on the human issues in organization ‘There is nothing so practical as a good theory’ How Roethlisberger developed a ‘practical’ organization theory Column 1: The core contributing social sciences Column 2: The techniques for analysis Column 3: The neo-modernist perspective Column 4: Contributions to business and management Four combinations of science, scientific technique and the neo-modernist approach reach different parts of the organization Level 1: Developing the organization

Design and Implementation of a Customized Human Resource Management In Term Paper

Essays on Design and Implementation of a Customized Human Resource Management Information System for Enhanced Firms Functionality Term Paper The paper â€Å"Design and Implementation of a Customized Human Resource Management Information System for Enhanced Firm’s Functionality" is a great example of a term paper on information technology. Since time immemorial, human beings have been looking at the ways in which he can make his work easier. Later very complex social and economic systems appeared with the ever-increasing need to come up with tools that will aid in the more effective use of the resource. The advent of computers and the internet has been regarded as one of the greatest achievements in the history of humankind. This is simply because computers have not only made work easier; it has also made man to be more efficient in his activities. They have also enabled the increased ease of the flow of information in the world transforming the world into a global village.The adoption of computer technology has occurred in all sectors of life. This has made almost all the organizations to be forced to incorporate this information technology or perish. One of the sectors more increased use of information technology is the human resource department. The effectiveness, reliability, accuracy, speed of the computers have seen the continued use of them to come up with suitable systems to aid in the management of the human resource in a given organization.This paper aims at looking at what is Human resource management information system (HRMIS), its influence that it has had on human resources, some of its challenges and also their recommendations.The human resource management information system is based heavily on information technology. The information technology has seen its continued use in almost all sectors of the organization . Human resource management has not been left behind with the adoption of information technology. This has led to the automation of some of the activities such as recruitment, payroll services among others. We shall try to understand this in detail by looking at some ca se studies.In this study it has been found that indeed the HRMIS has had a very great impact of how the activities of the human person are being now carried out  human resource management information system is a recent field which has come up as the result of the integration of information technology with human resource management. The result of the use of the machines was due to the labor-intensive nature of the human resource department. This started way back in the 1940s with the use of machines for activities such as the payroll system in order to make the work much easier. With the introduction of computers this has seen then rise in complexity of how the machines are being used perform activities which were only previously done by man such as the recruitment process. We are going to discuss in detail the impact the adoption of information technology have had on human resource management.Several definitions of the term ‘Human resource management information systemâ€⠄¢ have been put forward by several people. According to Bondarouk and Ruel 2009, p.507, they define it as an overall term which covers all mechanisms that can be possibly integrated and the contents that can be found existing between information technologies together with human resource management(HRM) that has the ultimate goal of creating value among and also across institutions for the management together with employees who have been targeted. Goel 2003, p. 446, thinks in the same line when he gives his definition as a method used by an organization to collect, make analyses and make reports concerning information on people and also on jobs. It is basically a database system that helps in the management of the human resource in a given organization both at the micro and on a macro level.

Of Mice and Men Loneliness Sample Essay Example For Students

Of Mice and Men Loneliness Sample Essay Loneliness is a cardinal subject in Of Mice and Men written by John Steinbeck for many characters in the novel were isolated and secluded. Curley’s married woman had a dream of doing it in the films but after get marrieding Curley she was stuck on the spread and non allowed to speak to anybody. The stable-buck Crooks was discriminated against for he was black and this caused some terrible jobs because he was isolated from everyone. Guies who travel around looking for work on spreads are the loneliest cats in the universe for they have no lasting place and nil to look frontward to. After get marrieding Curley. Curley’s married woman was stuck on the spread all by herself. She was isolated from everyone because she was the lone female on the spread and had no friends. Curley wanted to maintain her all for himself because he did non swear her to remain loyal. Merely two hebdomads into her matrimony with Curley. Curley’s married woman was get downing to gain that she was stuck at that place entirely with cipher to speak to. It is apparent when she said â€Å"you can speak to people. but I can’t talk to cipher but Curley† that all she wanted was person else to speak to. Crooks was a black stable-buck who was looked down upon and treated like soil because of the coloring material of his tegument. The manner he was treated was shown when we are told that ‘the foreman gives him hell when he’s mad’ this shows how he is treated lesser than everyone else because the foreman gives him snake pit and cipher else. Because he was separated and secluded from everyone around him he realised that â€Å"a cat goes nuts if he ain’t got nobody† because he was so entirely because no 1 wanted to be near him. He was over being so lonely and when he says â€Å"a cat gets excessively alone an’ he gets sick† we realise that he is over being so lonely and can non take it any longer. In the clip that this book was written black people were treated like nil and this left them experiencing lonely and unwanted. merely like the ranchmen of that clip. Work force who carried their properties from spread to ranch looking for work neer have a stable place and are ever on the move go forthing them lonely and hankering for a better life. George says â€Å"we don’t belong to no place† stating us that ranchmen are ever on the move and that they don’t have a topographic point that they can merely travel back that they can name place. When George says â€Å"guys like us that work on spreads are the loneliest cats in the world† this gives us an penetration into how these ranchmen feel and how they see themselves being the loneliest cats in the universe

Jordan Life Essays - McDonalds High School All-Americans

Jordan Life COMPARE AND CONTRAST JORDAN AND BIRD Now that Michael Jordan has retired (again), it's time to re-examine what was once a heated debate in basketball circles: Who is better, Michael Jordan or Larry Bird?. There was a time that this was as talked about an issue as Is professional wrestling real or staged?. Much like the wrestling question, debate over the greatest player in NBA history has always said that the answer is obvious. A look at the numbers will show, however, that the title of NBA's All-Time Greatest Player is still very much in dispute. In comparing these two extraordinary athletes I frist examined the statistics of both players, which proved to be very interesting. Larry Bird came out on top in the free throws with an average 89% to Jordan's 84%. Larry also came out on top in three point category with a life time average 38% to MJ's 33%. Rebounds per game also leaned in Larry favor 10 to MJ's 6. Assists where another category that Bird got the better of Jordan in with 6 a game for Larry and 5 for MJ. In the steals per game category they tied with 2 per game. They also where almost identical in blocks per game with life time averages of .89 a game for MJ and .87 a game for Larry not that impressive of a sat for either of them. Know let's talk about the categories that Michael Jordan was better in. Like shooting percentage Jordan Leeds Bird in this category 51% to Birds 50% I think that when you look at this sat it is important to remember that Bird played in an era with out the high percentage slam dunk that MJ made famous. Now points per game MJ had 31 a game to Larry's 24 this is the only sat where MJ has a decisive edge over Larry. . So what does it all mean? Was Larry better than Michael? Not necessarily. Was Jordan the greatest player in the history of the game? Perhaps. Then again, perhaps not. Michael Jordan filled the greatness void left by such players as Larry Bird, Magic Johnson, and Julius Erving. He has been coddled by referees and has amassed trophies and accolades in a league where no one could challenge him. While the argument could be made that this is the reason MJ is the best there ever was, I don't see it that way. Jordan has made his mark in an era where expansion and million-dollar salaries for mediocre players have watered down the overall talent in the league beyond comparison to Bird's era. DON'T GET ME WRONG: Jordan is surely among the all-time greatest players in the history of the NBA. The point of this comparison is to demonstrate that the answer to the question Who is the all-time best is not as self-evident as one may think. As a die-hard Celtic fan, even I was ready to relinquish that crown to Jordan at one point. Yet when you look at their statistics and consider them in terms of the makeup of the league during the heights of their careers... I think the argument could be made either way. Sports and Games

Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essays

Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essays Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essay Advances In Biomedical Science And Technology Science Essay Due to the progresss in biomedical scientific discipline and engineering, mammalian cloning has, in the last 13 old ages, become executable. This first came to the populace s attending with the promotion environing the creative activity of Dolly the sheep in 1997. Through the procedure of HSCNT ( Human Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer ) , 100s of mammalian beings have been cloned and carried to term. However, the procedure is by no agencies perfect as non merely do legion embryos fail, but many of those Borns have important birth defects, some of which merely come to visible radiation subsequently in development. To this day of the month, no successful human reproductive cloning has occurred. None the lupus erythematosus, rapid progresss in engineering suggest that human cloning will be dependable in the foreseeable hereafter. This realisation has led to an unprecedented argument about ethical and human rights issues which must be balanced against the more loosely good facets of scientific promotion. An huge sum of people believe that cloning wholly interferes with ethical and human rights. This is slightly due to the fact that cloning in animate beings has non been 100 % effectual. Animals have been cloned before but many of them have had birth defects and short life spans. Dolly the sheep became a scientific esthesis when her birth was announced in 1997. Her comparatively early decease in February 2003 fuels the argument about the moralss of cloning research and the long-run wellness of ringers. [ Science Museum.org ; no name reference ] Although Dolly lived to be an grownup, she was one of 227 efforts to last this long. This showed the inefficiency and complications of cloning. Hundreds, if non 1000s, of efforts are necessary to bring forth merely one feasible ringer. On mean, merely 3 % of efforts win. ( Vergoff:2001 ) The fact that many of the ringers ( produced in an effort to bring forth merely one ringer ) do non populate reflects the ground that people believe cloning is barbarous. Antoher ground that they might believe cloning is innapropriate is because when comparing atomic generated embryos and embryos produced during sexual reproduction, a important figure of the cloned embryos fail where as non so many natural embryos do. Because of this fact, mainstream scientists agree that due to the really low success rates of generative cloning in animate beings, this engineering is non appropriate for application to worlds. The side of the populace that feels human cloning is incorrect is besides against it for grounds other than the ringers non being faithfully functional. Harmonizing to them, cloning worlds is unethical, inhumane and immoral. [ Students for pupils: 2010 ] The procedure is seen as merely copying the indistinguishable cistrons, which means it will diminish the diverseness of cistrons. To set it merely, as a human one is meant to see the differences in others and cloning would extinguish this. Peoples would non be wholly alone. These people besides question the sentiment of some parents. They understand that if a parent has a kid whose kidney s fail, that they would be willing to clone their kid as to donate one of their newly cloned kid s kidney s to their ain kid. However, one could so oppugn whether it would non be unusual to all of a sudden hold two indistinguishable kids. This is where personality is brought to attending. Although human cloning is the procedure by which an exact familial reproduction is made of an person, this does non, needfully, mean the same personality, or individual, would develop. ( Cadena:2007 ) The inquiry that stands is whether the ringer is inferior and different to the general populace or non. Most do non like the thought of cloning as it will divide us into two different groups: worlds and ringers. Aldous Huxley reflects his point of position in his book, Brave New World in a satirical sense. He shows his position of the hereafter with human cloning in a negative manner. The novel is set in London in the old ages that Huxley calls A.F. which stands for after Ford . Henry Ford is the developer of the assembly line technique of mass production and the mass production implies cloning in this sense. At the beginning of the novel, the manager of a Centre called Hatcheries and Conditioning is taking a group of immature pupils on a circuit around one of the labs. He shows them how human existences are custom made and placed into different societal castes which were about similar different cultural groups ( minus the civilization ) . He so leads them to a particular room where the worlds are brain-washed. A common phrase that the brain-washed characters say throughout the novel is Put your weaponries around me Hug me till you drug me, honey Kiss me till I m in a coma. Hug me hone y, snuggly [ Lenina, Chapter 13, pg. 194 ] His novel relates to the argument of cloning as it reflects his thought of a hereafter with human cloning. Although it is satirical and far-fetched, it makes one inquiry cloning as it displays cloning in a negative manner ( all worlds being the same and put into classs ) . The anti-human cloning groups see the hereafter of cloning in a similar mode: dark and one time once more, inhumane. Taking the above concerns into consideration, many people still believe that human cloning is wholly good. This is because there are an unbelievable figure of positive results of human generative cloning. On the igniter, appreance side: Dr. Richard Seed, one of the taking advocates of human cloning engineering, suggests that it may someday be possible to change by reversal the aging procedure because of what is learnt from cloning. Plus, cloning could better decorative processs such a chest implants. This is because with the new technolog, physicians will be able to bring forth things such as fat, bone and cartialage that matches the patients precisely. On the more serious side, scientists may one twenty-four hours be able to handle people that have had bosom onslaughts by cloning their normal bosom cells and puting them in the damaged countries of their bosom, give victims of accidents which cause any parts of their organic structure to go distorted their original face characteris tics back through cloning ( limbs for amputees may be regernerated ) and even give adult females looking for chest augumentations implants the same as their normal tissues in order to forestall them ferom going ailment. On norm, one carries 8 faulty cistrons inside of them which cause them to go ill when they would otherwise stay healthy. With human cloning and its engineering it may be possible to guarantee that we no longer suffer because of our faulty cistrons. [ Smith, S ] Many life endangering unwellnesss such as malignant neoplastic disease, leukimea, kidney failure and liver failure could be taken off due to cloning. Ont op of this, cloning engineering can prove for and perchance even cure familial diseases. Propnents of cloning besides suggest it may function as a intervention for sterility, leting those who can non /can no longer reproduce to go through on cistrons to future coevalss. [ Kolehmainen, Sophie ] A batch of parents think of human generative cloning as a manner of salvaging kids s lives. There are plentifulness of illustrations of what could go on in the hereafter after human generative cloning Begins: If a twosome becomes infertile after holding one kid, they would be able to clone their kid to hold a 2nd 1. Parents besides province that they would happen human cloning benefficial as if they lost their kid in an accident, they could acquire their perfect babe back. ( Smith, S ) The general attitude of this group of people is why non? If a individual can be saved from leukaemia, why would anyone experience the demand to halt this from go oning? Despite this inquiry there is still a argument in which many other factors contribute. An illustration of one of these is faith. Many in the Western states wonder whether ringers would hold a psyche. They besides question whether it is playing God or non if worlds create instead than of course conceive. Many groups have publically disapproved of human generative and human curative cloning. These include spiritual administrations, such as the Catholic Church, who disapprove of these engineerings. [ Werts, D, C: 2002 ] Travel on about ordinance. ( ca nt be extended globally ) Many groups have publically disapproved of human generative and human curative cloning. Ask pa Although there are many negatives to make with human generative cloning, it is expected that it will happen in the hereafter. This is because there are so many bennifits of this cloning environing medical intents. Personally, I worry about what a hereafter with human generative cloning will keep. In my sentiment, I think it would be ideal if, in the hereafter, cell cloning could be used for medical intents merely and non human generative cloning for grounds such as sterility as this would be immoral. However, there is a opportunity that cloning will non go on in the hereafter and this would likely be best. We are worlds and we can non alter the fact that some of us can non hold kids or predict the twenty-four hours we are traveling to decease. This is the manner of life and to me, cloning worlds in this manner does non look right. All in all, the subject holds a argument that will go on for a long period of clip before any determinations are made. etc

Parallel Structure with Prepositions

Parallel Structure with Prepositions Parallel Structure with Prepositions Parallel Structure with Prepositions By Mark Nichol Writers often mistakenly withhold repetition of prepositions with corresponding sentence elements in the erroneous belief that those elements can share a single preposition. In each of the following sentences, a repeated preposition is missing, and a discussion after each example explains the problem and a revision resolves it. 1. These developments are significant as the cost and influence of regulation on business models remain high in many industries. This sentence’s construction implies that cost can share the preposition of with influence, but it requires its own, because cost is parallel not to influence but to â€Å"influence of regulation on†: â€Å"These developments are significant as the cost of, and influence of regulation on, business models remain high in many industries.† 2. Such dysfunction can arise from incentives that do not encourage resiliency and management being out of touch with the customer. Similar to the problem in the previous sentence, from should be repeated before management so that the reader is not led to believe that management corresponds to resiliency rather than to incentives: â€Å"Such dysfunction can arise from incentives that do not encourage resiliency and from management being out of touch with the customer.† 3. They are designing preventive and detective control activities that are effective in the new environment, both from a risk-management and operational-scalability perspective. For the phrasal adjectives â€Å"risk management† and â€Å"operational scalability† to be fully parallel, legitimately sharing the noun perspective, the second phrase must, like the first phrase, be preceded by an article: â€Å"They are designing preventive and detective control activities that are effective in the new environment, both from a risk-management and an operational-scalability perspective.† (Better yet, do so and transpose both and from and repeat perspective after each phrasal adjective: â€Å"They are designing preventive and detective control activities that are effective in the new environment, from both a risk-management perspective and an operational-scalability perspective.†) Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Types of Rhyme50 Idioms About Roads and Paths6 Foreign Expressions You Should Know

Introudation Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introudation - Dissertation Example The role of the Saudi press during the recent conflict in Bahrain should be analyzed with respect to the Saudi government system, the Saudi society and the Saudi mass media. 1.1. The Saudi Government System The Saudi Government system comprises on the following three branches, on the basis of its goals, nature, responsibilities of the Country and the correlation of the ruler with the Saudi people. 1. Council of Ministers. 2. Legal and Judicial structure. 3. Consultative Council. 1.1.1. Council of Ministers The King, as the Prime Minister of the State, heads the Council of Ministers. Other members of this body include the Deputy Prime Minister (Crown Prince), the 2nd Deputy Prime Minister and the Cabinet Ministers (Saudi Arabian Information Centre, 1996). The responsibilities of the Council are drafting, supervising the execution of the external, internal, economic, financial, educational and defence policies, and general affairs of the Country. 1.1.2. Legal & Judicial Structure Saudi Arabia possesses a pervasive legal structure, in which the judicial system strictly follows the Shariah (The Islamic Law). At present, the Shariah legal system is governed by the Ministry of Justice through the Shariah Courts. The Special Courts or the Board of Grievances administers the disputes that emerge due to codified regulations. 1.1.3. Consultative Council The Consultative Council, also known as the Majlis Al-Shoura, fundamentally provides its advice to the King on important affairs by consulting its experienced and learned citizens. The Consultative Council, in its present form, comprises of a chairman and 90 advisors/members who are being hired by the King for a tenure of renewable 4 years. 1.2. Saudi-Society It is evident from the above description of the Saudi government system that the Islamic principles and the government permeate all areas of the social life in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, numerous political religious, cultural and economical factors influence the Saudi Arabian society to a great extent. The Saudi society is governed by the primitive ethics and traditions that have their roots deep in Islam as well as in Arabian morals and behavior, for instance, neighborliness and truthfulness (Ministry of Information, n.d.). 1.3. Saudi Mass Media As the case in the Saudi Arabian society, the mass media also cannot be considered individually from the influence of Islamic believes and government policies. 1.3.1. Saudi Press The National Press Agencies Act was approved by the Council of Ministers in January 09, 1964 through the resolution number 600 and a royal decree number 60 with the purpose to allow new people to know about their country, increase the rate of distribution by adding more readers to the national press (The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, 1993). This act was also helpful in expanding the information and news from abroad. Several news offices began their work from outside as well as inside of Saudi Arabia, specifically in the Arab region. The government of Saudi Arabia provided the financial support to the Saudi national press. The press in Saudi Arabia is presently more dependent on advertisements as a result of the economic problems, especially since the year 1991. As for instance, in July-1999 the Saudi newspaper, al-Riyadh allocated more than 60 percent of its space per day to advertisements while the al-Yaum and Okaz newspapers of Saudi Arabia, respectively, dedicated 50 percent and 53 percent of their space to advertisement for

Racial profiling Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Racial profiling - Essay Example pend on philosophical and religious determinations of whether ends justify means in situations such as aviation terrorism, and whether certain means, such as racial profiling, can never be justified by ends† (Bloom 1). If racial profiling will continue giving accurate predictions about developing aviation terrorism, then the issue of stereotyping, by definition, does not occur. In other countries like Canada, racial profiling is not explicitly endorsed in the anti-terrorism legislation. However, this does not indicate that racial profiling does not happen in Canada. The Canadian law does not target individuals openly based on their race but it tends to keep out groups seeking equality through its application. There are a few indicators suggesting that Canadian Muslims and Arabs are subjected to racial profiling. For instance, several high profile cases indicate that racial profiling takes place in Canada in its fight against terrorism (Bahdi 297). In Canada, racial profiling is not giving any comfort or solutions to problems of security. It is only heightening the sense of vulnerability and disempowerment of racialized groups in Canada (Bahdi

Effects of gadgets addiction among teenagers Essay Example for Free

Effects of gadgets addiction among teenagers Essay Hotels and resorts are places for relaxation or recreation; thus they attract visitors for holidays or vacations. Resorts are places, towns or sometimes commercial establishments operated by a single company. It is an establishment that provides paid lodging on a short term basis. If before, hotels and resorts only provide basic accommodation— consists only of cottages or a room with a bed— nowadays, it has largely been replaced by rooms with modern facilities, including en-suite bathrooms and air conditioning or climate control, function hall for events, spa and an in house restaurant. The cost and quality of hotel and resort are usually indicative of the range and types of services available. Due to the enormous increase in tourism worldwide during the last decades of the 20th century, standards especially those of smaller establishments have improve considerably. Today, many systems have used an automation process like using online computer system, due to its efficiency and accuracy. Champ Aqua Farm and Resort is located at 168 Dulong Barrio, Matungao, Bulakan, Bulacan and it offers a resort and reservation of facilities and amenities for the customers. The resort uses manual business transactions with its customers. They are using a manual process in booking, reservations and logging names of customers. The resort has two swimming pools, two function halls, three houses for accommodation (Farm House, Brick House and Summer House), twelve cottages, three floating cottages, one playground, a half-basketball court, one restaurant and two fish ponds. The resort also offers activities such as Fishing, Canoeing, Basketball, and Retreat. They also sell fish like Tilapia, Hito, and Japanese Koi. The purpose of this study is to develop an Online Inquiry and Reservation System for Champ Aqua Farm and Resort. It substitutes the manual system with  computerized system. Project Objectives General Objectives The researchers aim to develop an Online Inquiry and Resort Reservation System for Champ Aqua Farm and Resort. Specific Objectives 1. To be able to design a homepage for Champ Aqua Farm and Resort. 2. To be able to design a log in form and registration form for the guests. 3. To be able to design a reservation form for guests. 4. To be able to design gallery for details about the resort or the property. 5. To determine the design FAQ’s and About Us section for questions, suggestions and other inquiry.

Hinduism Vs. Judaism Essay -- Religion Religious Essays

"I love you when you bow in your mosque, kneel in your temple, pray in your church. For you and I are sons of one religion, and it is the spirit." Kahlil Gibran All religions are similar in a manner, appreciating life, doing good, respecting others..etc yet they still have their differences, the differences that gives it, its uniqueness. And the person practising it, his individuality. Religion is defined as A set of beliefs, values, and practices based on the teachings of a spiritual being (Mifflin). It is known that many of our behaviours are determined by the presence of religion in one's life. Religion implants its principles in a person and their attitudes, personality, morals and ethics and alters it to a great extent. This essay aims to compare and contrast the basic principles Judaism and Hinduism and their religious rituals of marriage and death, also to studying how it may effect on one's personality. Hinduism is one of the oldest and most ancient religions, it is the religion of more than four-fifths of the Indian subcontinent's population; there are about 650 million Hindus worldwide. And is ranked as the world's third largest religion. (Wangu,6) Hinduism is a polytheistic religion, and followers believe and worship many gods. Shiva is the god of 'eroticism and sexual energy', Devi who is associated with fertility and earth, Lakshmi is the goddess of wealth, and the river Ganga is seen as a provider and worshiped (Waterstone, 78).However, their main god is called Brahman, they believe is the ultimate reality and world soul. Some of the important rituals, beliefs and traditions is puja, which is their daily worship usually takes place in a corner of a room; dharma, which is their religious duties towards fa... ...ds their beliefs, they all support love between one an other and believe in doing what is good in life whether it is to become re-birthed into what they wished, or to reach the eternal life they've been waiting for. It is also evident that both these religions not only have a direct effect on the personality of individuals who practice it. But takes a leading a role in shaping a person, influencing their behaviour, and even forming who the person becomes. Bibliography: Chaudhuri, C. Nirad "Hinduism religion to live by" Oxford, 1996 Rayner, D. John., "The Jewish People" New York, 1987 Wangu, Madhu Bazaz "Hinduism, world religions" New York, 2001 Waterstone, Richard. India. London: Macmillian Publishing, 1995. Katz, Lisa "The Ten commandments" Web. 13 July 2015. http://springdalehb.sharpschool.net/common/pages/DisplayFile.aspx?itemId=9197433

Admission Essay Writing

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Highlights of the German Pension Fund

There is a legal separation between the employer and the pension institution with the German pension fund.   It offers lifelong retirement benefits. The coverage of biometric risks – and not merely its function as an investment instrument – was one of the social requirements emphasized by the European Parliament but not adopted in the final draft.The plan guarantees participants a right to their benefits guarantees, a compulsory redemption of contributions, thus the employer guarantees the payment of the retirement benefits in the event that the pension fund should be bankrupted.Members will benefit from timely and accurate disclosure of information.The activities are subject to the monitoring of the Germany Supervisory Authority.Recognition has been given to trying to create a level playing field amongst service providers. The pension fund is the only financing instrument for which the complete subcontracting of biometric risks, asset management and administration is possible.The tax features make it attractive. The German Government adopted the recommendation on tax relief to contributions as well as the deductibility of pension costs as a business expense.   The pension plan makes it easier for internationally mobile employees to transfer their pension rights.I selected German Volkswagen Company and analyzed its pension plan (attached) according to its annual balance sheet.  Ã‚   Volkswagen places pension benefits under the liabilities column on the balance sheet.   The pension benefits plans are under-funded according to the balance sheet.How Volkswagen Accounts for Pension Provisions Financial ReportingPENSION PROVISIONSThe actuarial valuation of pension provisions is based on the projected unit credit method in respect of defined benefit plans in accordance with IAS 19. The valuation is based not only on pension payments and vested entitlements known at the balance sheet date, but also reflectsfuture salary and pension trends. Actuar ial gains and losses are recognized directly in equity, net of deferred taxes.PROVISIONS FOR TAXESTax provisions contain obligations resulting from current taxes. Deferred taxes are presented in separate items of the balance sheet and income statementDEFERRED TAXESDeferred tax assets are generally recognized for taxable temporary differences between the tax base of assets and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet, as well as on tax loss carry forwards and tax credits provided it is probable that they can be used in future periods.Deferred tax liabilities are generally recognized for all taxable temporary differences between the tax base of liabilities and their carrying amounts in the consolidated balance sheet.Deferred tax liabilities and assets are recognized in the amount of the expected tax liability or tax benefit, as appropriate, in subsequent fiscal years, based on the expected enacted tax rate at the time of realization. The tax consequences of dividend pa yments are not taken into account until the resolution on appropriation of earnings available for distribution has been adopted.Deferred tax assets that are unlikely to be realized within a clearly predictable period arereduced by valuation allowances.   Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are offset where taxes are levied by the same taxation authority and relate to the same tax period.(Volkswagen 2007)In a defined-benefit plan, the employer guarantees that the employee will receive a definite amount of benefit upon retirement, regardless of the performance of the underlying investment pool. A defined benefit plan promises a specified monthly benefit at retirement. The plan may state this promised benefit as an exact dollar amount, such as $100 per month at retirement.Alternatively, more commonly, it may calculate a benefit through a plan formula that considers such factors as salary and service — for example, 1 percent of average salary for the last 5 years o f employment for every year of service with an employer.In the defined-contribution plan the employer makes predefined contributions for the employee, but the final amount of benefit received by the employee depends on the investment's performance. In these plans, the employee or the employer (or both) contribute to the employee's individual account under the plan, sometimes at a set rate, such as 5 percent of earnings annually.These contributions are invested on the employee's behalf. The employee will ultimately receive the balance in their account, which is based on contributions plus or minus investment gains or losses. Examples of defined contribution plans include 401(k) plans, 403(b) plans, employee stock ownership plans, and profit-sharing plans.Cost and liability determined in this way for a pay-related plan are clearly â€Å"insufficient† when compared, for example, to the IAS19 or SFAS87 methodology, but the available deductions are generally more favorable than th ose allowed for by the various external pension vehicles (support funds, â€Å"Pensionskassen†, direct insurances and also reinsurance contracts for book reserve plans.)â€Å"These approaches have suffered under less favorable tax rules (tax limits on funding or taxation as employee income) or insurance supervisory law with prohibitively high insurance premiums (based on an interest rate of 2.75 percent).†In the United States a retirement plan is usually, tax exempt or tax-deferred.   The employer will contribute along with the employee in most cases towards a fund set aside for the employee's future retirement benefits savings fund. The employer on the employee’s behalf invests the funds; the employee then receives benefits upon retirement.The employee often has the option for early retirement, but savings benefits for the retirement plan in this case will be at a reduced amount.   There has been a growing concern in recent years in the United States with c ompanies filing bankruptcy and people losing their retirement, thus not all plans are secure investments for retirement.Comparing to American and German pension plans I can say that German pension plans are much stronger, guaranteed and beneficial for retirees. The reasons are probably different state policies. Germany is more socialistic country comparing to America. In Germany social services and benefits are huge comparing to America, for example in Germany healthcare is free and every individual are entitled to receive free healthcare and other medical services.ReferencesVolkswagen   (2007).   On the Internet at:     www.edgarscan.pwcglobal.comVolkswagen   (2007).   On the Internet at:     www.gutenberg.orgVolkswagen (2007).   Annual Report.   On the Internet at:http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/gb2007/content/en/annual_report_2007.html  Volkswagen (2007) .   Annual Report.   On the Internet at:http://www.volkswagenag.com/vwag/gb2007/content/en/annual_re port_2007Volkswagen AG Frankfurt Stock Exchange (2007).  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the Internet at:http://www.reuters.com

Pause for commas - Emphasis

Pause for commas Pause for commas Compared with pondering the placement of the much less familiar semi-colon or the enigmatic apostrophe, the ubiquitous comma might seem hardly worth worrying about. Theyre ten a penny, arent they? Why not just sprinkle them at will or leave them out entirely? Unsurprisingly, we dont recommend doing either. They may seem a common or garden item of punctuation, but just like the elderly in society we can learn much from commas and should treat them with respect. So, use them: to denote a natural pause, such as if you were reading aloud Unfortunately, commas are often underrated. after a secondary clause thats been put at the beginning of a sentence Even though the comma had been left out of the speech, he paused for dramatic effect. to separate items in a list My job involves typing, proofreading, answering the phone and stocktaking commas. Im looking for a tall, dark, handsome lover of punctuation. to make it clear exactly how items are split (to avoid confusion, usually when the word and is involved in the list) The courses on offer were Introduction to colons, Intensive comma revision, Hyphens and dashes, and Figures and numbers. in pairs, for information additional to the main point (that could be lifted out to leave a sentence that still makes complete sense) The phone call, which lasted ten minutes, was mostly about Marys incorrect use of punctuation. However, the information contained by the two commas has to be non-defining (not vital to the overall gist of the sentence); if it is defining, you would use no commas at all: The phone call that was about Marys poor punctuating was full of awkward pauses. to introduce short quotes He said, Lets take a short break here. Changing sense Given the often ambiguous nature of our language, it is important to give pause to where you place your commas. Otherwise you may end up saying something other than you intended, or leaving your reader rather confused. Compare: However, you might feel the report is irrelevant [and we may take that into consideration] with However you might feel, the report is irrelevant [your opinion doesnt really matter]. Or I donated, myself, to that charity [I, like you, am a philanthropist] and I donated myself to that charity [not sure how much use theyll have for me]. Or even The Wombles of Wimbledon Common are we [thats why the Common is so tidy] and The Wombles of Wimbledon, common are we [cant move for wombles while watching the tennis]. Commas can make subtle distinctions too. Observe the nuances: Our boss, who is based in Basingstoke, will be at that business writing seminar and Our boss who is based in Basingstoke will be at that business writing seminar. In the first example, there is only one boss. He may be based in Basingstoke, but that is not vital information (it is non-defining). The main point is that hell be at the seminar. In the second example, there are presumably several bosses. But it is specifically the one lucky enough to be based in Basingstoke who will attend the seminar. Weve said it before and well say it again: punctuation matters. Particularly if you want your writing to end up meaning what you meant it to.

How to Manage and Identify Arborvitae

How to Manage and Identify Arborvitae White-cedar is a slow-growing tree that reaches 25 to 40 feet in height and spreads to about 10 to 12 feet wide, preferring a wet or moist, rich soil. Transplanting is fairly easy and is a popular yard specimen in the United States. Arborvitae likes high humidity and tolerates wet soils and some drought. The foliage turns brownish in winter, especially on cultivars with colored foliage and on exposed sites open to the wind. Specifics Scientific name: Thuja occidentalisPronunciation: THOO-yuh ock-sih-den-TAY-lissCommon name(s): White-Cedar, Arborvitae, Northern White-CedarFamily: CupressaceaeUSDA hardiness zones: USDA hardiness zones: 2 through 7Origin: native to North AmericaUses: hedge; recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or for median strip plantings in the highway; reclamation plant; screen; specimen; no proven urban tolerance Cultivars White-Cedar has many cultivars, many of which are shrubs. Popular cultivars include: ‘Booth Globe;’ ‘Compacta;’ ‘Douglasi Pyramidalis;’ ‘Emerald Green’ - good winter color; ‘Ericoides; ‘Fastigiata; ‘Hetz Junior;’ ‘Hetz Midget’ - slow growing dwarf; ‘Hovey;’ ‘Little Champion’ - globe shaped; ‘Lutea’ - yellow foliage; ‘Nigra’ - dark green foliage in winter, pyramidal; ‘Pyramidalis’ - narrow pyramidal form; ‘Rosenthalli;’ ‘Techny;’ ‘Umbraculifera’ - flat topped; ‘Wareana;’ ‘Woodwardii’ Description Height: 25 to 40 feetSpread: 10 to 12 feetCrown uniformity: symmetrical canopy with a regular (or smooth) outline, and individuals have more or less identical crown formsCrown shape: pyramidalCrown density: denseGrowth rate: slowTexture: fine History The name arborvitae or tree of life dates from the 16th century when the French explorer Cartier learned from the Indians how to use the trees foliage to treat scurvy. A record tree in Michigan measures 175 cm (69 in) in d.b.h. and 34 m (113 ft) in height. The rot- and termite-resistant wood is used principally for products in contact with water and soil. Trunk and Branches Trunk/bark/branches: grow mostly upright and will not droop; not particularly showy; should be grown with a single leader; no thornsPruning requirement: needs little pruning to develop a strong structureBreakage: resistantCurrent year twig color: brown; greenCurrent year twig thickness: thinWood specific gravity: 0.31 Culture Light requirement: tree grows in part shade/part sun; tree grows in full sunSoil tolerances: clay; loam; sand; slightly alkaline; acidic; extended flooding; well-drainedDrought tolerance: moderateAerosol salt tolerance: lowSoil salt tolerance: moderate Bottom Line Northern white-cedar is a slow growing native North American boreal tree. Arborvitae is its cultivated name and commercially sold and planted in yards throughout the United States. The tree is identified primarily by unique flat and filigree sprays made up of tiny, scaly leaves. The tree loves limestone areas and can take full sun to light shade.Best used as a screen or hedge planted on 8 to 10- foot-centers. There are better specimen plants but it can be placed at the corner of a building or other area to soften a view. Many of the natural stands in the United States have been cut. Some remain in isolated areas along rivers throughout the East.

Economy of U.K Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Economy of U.K - Research Paper Example Employment situation The global financial crisis that hit the U.K. did impact of all sectors of the economy resulting in high employment rates. However, as the economy continues to solidify, additional jobs continue being created thereby resulting in a slight drop in unemployment rates. The latest employment figure shows that the unemployment rate in the U.K. stood at 7.6% in September 2013. This accounts for a drop of 0.1% compared to the previous quarter where the rate stood at 7.7%. CIA (par. 1). is worth noting that even though the unemployment rate continues to fall, it is unlikely that it will fall sharply due to the job losses experienced in the public sector. The welfare and pension reform introduced by the government is also likely to affect the rate of unemployment since it is likely to attract citizens to join the labor force (Osborne 5). Inflation Inflation is another major problem that U.K. citizens have been grappling with for the past six years. Reports show that the p rices of commodities in the country have been increasing at an alarming rate. For instance, the inflation rate in the country was only 1.30% in 2004 and 2.30% in 2007 when the global economic crisis began (BBC News 2). However, the rate increased to 3.60% in 2008 due to rising prices of goods and services marked by hard economic times. Nevertheless, the U.K. government has managed to contain the situation as the country continues to experience a decline in inflation rates every quarter. The U.K. inflation rate fell to 2.20% in October, down from 2.7% the previous month (BBC News 2). In fact, this marks the lowest rate since 2012. The major decline was registered in the transport sector where transport price declined by... This paper stresses that the U.K. economy has been one of the worst hit by the global financial crisis in Europe. This resulted in a fall in the country’s gross domestic product (GDP) to an all time low. However, GDP figures released recently indicate that the U.K. economy is on the path to recovery. The country’s GDP as of 2012 by purchasing power parity stood at $2.375 trillion according to the CIA. This stresses that the global financial crisis that hit the U.K. did impact of all sectors of the economy resulting in high employment rates. However, as the economy continues to solidify, additional jobs continue being created thereby resulting in a slight drop in unemployment rates. Inflation is another major problem that U.K. citizens have been grappling with for the past six years. Reports show that the prices of commodities in the country have been increasing at an alarming rate. The trade balance between the U.K. and other countries has not been good since 2007. This is attributable to trade deficit marked by an increase in the value of imports and lower value of exports. Research indicates that the U.K. has been importing goods more than it exports to other countries resulting in a wide trade deficit. The author talks that regarding imports and exports, the biggest U.K. exports for the past few years comprise of nuclear reactors, mechanical appliances, boilers, and nuclear rea ctors. The second biggest export items in the U.K. include mineral fuels and oils, and their derivatives including mineral waxes and bituminous substances.

Analytical Paper-Investment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Analytical -Investment - Research Paper Example With this regard, the possession of adequate resources along with growing trade opportunities in the developing economic prospects of South Africa have been considered as a vital concern for the global companies to increase their investment portfolios. Additionally, the diplomatic association between Kuwait and South Africa signifies growth prospects for both the countries. One of the significant opportunities can be identified as the increasing importance attained by South African mining industry within the world economy. Stating precisely, Kuwait investing in South Africa shall be rewarded with significant opportunities facilitated with continuous development of the host nation. Fundamentally, steered by such developmental opportunities, the Gulf economies have been focused on creating a trade relation with Africa in the recent phenomenon which shall also benefit Kuwait when investing in South African mining industry. ... Therefore, an increasing practice of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is often observed, which enables both the recipient and investor countries to efficiently practice their range of industrial activities. Correspondingly, the discussion of the paper has been emphasized on the emerging trend of FDI and its significance towards improving the present economic and political relation between Kuwait and South Africa. In order to clearly recognize the significance of FDI in the current phenomenon, the paper highlights the major advantages that can be availed by Kuwait through its investment in the South African mining industry. The paper also tends to elaborate on the major motivational factors in South Africa which can facilitate Kuwait to efficiently perform its varied range of trade activities along with support the credibility of both the nations in the present world economy. Focusing on this particular aspect, the paper also recommends few effective measures for Kuwaiti investors when building trade relations with South Africa through direct investment in the mining industry. Introduction The emergence of South African mining industry has been observed as a major resource for the country which enabled it to attract global investors such as Kuwait. The mineral development sector of the country is highly focused on increasing the efficiency of the mining and mineral industry which has enabled the country to experience a radical economic stabilization (South African Embassy, 2013). Although the trade relation between Kuwait and South Africa has recently come into the limelight, these two economies have been into a distinct global trade relation since past few decades. The political relation between

Research Paper on Comparative analysis of Wal-Mart, Kmart and

On Comparative analysis of Wal-Mart, Kmart and Burlington - Research Paper Example 10) through different business and management strategies. Almost all different companies play very uniquely in the market with varying organizational objectives, visions, techniques, ideas and strategies and therefore all these companies provide illuminating examples for how differently a market can be created and maintained. This piece of research paper presents a comparative study of the company background information, organizational cultures and environmental factors of three well known companies; Wal-Mart, Kmart and Burlington Coat factory. Based on the comparative analysis of the business strategies and marketing techniques of these three companies, this paper explains how different companies play uniquely in the market by creating values for their customers to make them ultimately satisfied. Company Background Information Wal-Mart The Wal-Mart is always an amazing business story since it has emerged to be the largest retailer from the dream of a family to start a small lucrativ e retail business with their personal saving of six thousand dollars (Soderquist, 2005). Out of all the retail and other brands in the US, Wal-Mart has undoubtedly affected the life of millions around the world by changing their lifestyle, culture and social status too. Wal-Mart operates retail stores in various formats and segments across the world such as discount stores, supercentres, neighborhood markets, Sam’s club and market-side. It is ranked first by Fortune 500 on the list of America’s largest corporations and also as one among the world’s largest corporations listed in 2011. Wal-Mart stores provide its customers with wide range of national as well as internationally recognized brands in categories of grocery, home appliance, entertainment, health and wellness, apparel, home wares and so on. One of the major strengths of the company is that it can quickly shift the products mix to adapt to changes in demand and market since the company has dominant posi tion in its market and also that it provides wide ranges of goods and services (Datamonitor, 2011). The Wal-Mart story The Wal-Mart story begins with Sam Walton’s dream to start a small franchise Ben Franklin’s variety store in Arkansas, Bentonville in 1945 (Ferrell, Fraedrich & Ferrell, 2009, p. 293). The retail store that Sam Walton started began to inspire a group of people with his uncanny ability and his vision to create not just one-of-a-kind company but a revolutionary business model and thus to grow to impact the standard of living for millions upon millions of people every day in the US and worldwide (Soderquist, 2005). Until 1962, the business was entirely devoted to the operation of franchise variety stores. By July 1962, Sam Walton opened the first Wal-Mart store in Rogers and this has eventually grown to be a large chain with 24 stores that ringed up $ 12.7 million sales in 1967. In 1969, the company is formally incorporates as Wal-Mart Stores Inc (History

Sources of noise in transistor

Sources of noise in transistor SOURCE OF NOISE IN TRANSISTOR FOR DIFFERENT CONFIGURATION Abstract- Here in this term paper, I am going to discuss the history of the transistors, its importance and its limitations. The term paper is on the sources of noise in transistors for different configurations. HISTORY A replica of the first working transistor. The first patent for the field-effect transistor principle was filed in Canada by Austrian-Hungarian physicist Julius Edgar Lilienfeld on October 22, 1925, but Lilienfeld did not publish any research articles about his devices. In 1934 German physicist Dr. Oskar Heil patented another field-effect transistor. On 17 November 1947 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain, at ATT Bell Labs, observed that when electrical contacts were applied to a crystal of germanium, the output power was larger than the input. William Shockley saw the potential in this and worked over the next few months greatly expanding the knowledge of semiconductors and is considered by many to be the father of the transistor. The term was coined by John R. Pierce. IMPORTANCE The transistor is considered by many to be the greatest invention of the twentieth-century, or as one of the greatest. It is the key active component in practically all modern electronics. Its importance in todays society rests on its ability to be mass produced using a highly automated process (fabrication) that achieves astonishingly low per-transistor costs. Although several companies each produce over a billion individually-packaged (known as discrete) transistors every year, the vast majority of transistors produced are in integrated circuits (often shortened to IC, microchips or simply chips) along with diodes, resistors, capacitors and other electronic components to produce complete electronic circuits. A logic gate consists of about twenty transistors whereas an advanced microprocessor, as of 2006, can use as many as 1.7 billion transistors (MOSFETs). About 60 million transistors were built this year [2002] for [each] man, woman, and child on Earth. The transistors low cost, flexibility and reliability have made it a ubiquitous device. Transistorized mechatronic circuits have replaced electromechanical devices in controlling appliances and machinery. It is often easier and cheaper to use a standard microcontroller and write a computer program to carry out a control function than to design an equivalent mechanical control function.[1] USAGE The bipolar junction transistor, or BJT, was the first transistor invented, and through the 1970s, was the most commonly used transistor. Even after MOSFETs became available, the BJT remained the transistor of choice for many analog circuits such as simple amplifiers because of their greater linearity and ease of manufacture. Desirable properties of MOSFETs, such as their utility in low-power devices, usually in the CMOS configuration, allowed them to capture nearly all market share for digital circuits; more recently MOSFETs have captured most analog and power applications as well, including modern clocked analog circuits, voltage regulators, amplifiers, power transmitters, motor drivers, etc. BJT used as an electronic switch, in grounded-emitter configuration. How a transistor works Amplifier circuit, standard common-emitter configuration. Simple circuit using a transistor. Operation graph of a transistor The essential usefulness of a transistor comes from its ability to use a small signal applied between one pair of its terminals to control a much larger signal at another pair of terminals. This property is called gain. A transistor can control its output in proportion to the input signal; this is called an amplifier. Or, the transistor can be used to turn current on or off in a circuit like an electrically controlled switch, where the amount of current is determined by other circuit elements. The two types of transistors have slight differences in how they are used in a circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labelled base, collector and emitter. A small current at base terminal can control or switch a much larger current between collector and emitter terminals. For a field-effect transistor, the terminals are labelled gate, source, and drain, and a voltage at the gate can control a current between source and drain. The image to the right represents a typical bipolar transistor in a circuit. Charge will flow between emitter and collector terminals depending on the current in the base. Since internally the base and emitter connections behave like a semiconductor diode, a voltage drop develops between base and emitter while the base current exists. The size of this voltage depends on the material the transistor is made from, and is referred to as VBE. Transistors are commonly used as electronic switches, for both high power applications including switched-mode power supplies and low power applications such as logic gates. It can be seen from the graph that once the base voltage reaches a certain level, shown at B, the current will no longer increase with increasing VBE and the output will be held at a fixed voltage.[dubious discuss] The transistor is then said to be saturated. Hence, values of input voltage can be chosen such that the output is either completely off, or completely on. The transistor is acting as a switch, and this type of operation is common in digital circuits where only on and off values are relevant. TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER The above common emitter amplifier is designed so that a small change in voltage in (Vin) changes the small current through the base of the transistor and the transistors current amplification combined with the properties of the circuit mean that small swings in Vin produce large changes in Vout. It is important that the operating parameters of the transistor are chosen and the circuit designed such that as far as possible the transistor operates within a linear portion of the graph, such as that shown between A and B, otherwise the output signal will suffer distortion. Various configurations of single transistor amplifier are possible, with some providing current gain, some voltage gain, and some both. From mobile phones to televisions, vast numbers of products include amplifiers for sound reproduction, radio transmission, and signal processing. The first discrete transistor audio amplifiers barely supplied a few hundred milliwatts, but power and audio fidelity gradually increased as better transistors became available and amplifier architecture evolved. Modern transistor audio amplifiers of up to a few hundred watts are common and relatively inexpensive. Some musical instrument amplifier manufacturers mix transistors and vacuum tubes in the same circuit, as some believe tubes have a distinctive sound.Prior to the development of transistors, vacuum (electron) tubes (or in the UK thermionic valves or just valves) were the main active components in electronic equipment. ADVANTAGES The key advantages that have allowed transistors to replace their vacuum tube predecessors in most applications are: I. Small size and minimal weight, allowing the development of miniaturized electronic devices. II. Highly automated manufacturing processes, resulting in low per-unit cost. III. Lower possible operating voltages, making transistors suitable for small, battery-powered applications. IV. No warm-up period for cathode heaters required after power application. V. Lower power dissipation and generally greater energy efficiency. VI. Higher reliability and greater physical ruggedness. VII. Extremely long life. Some transistorized devices produced more than 30 years ago are still in service. VIII. Complementary devices available, facilitating the design of complementary-symmetry circuits, something not possible with vacuum tubes. IX. Insensitivity to mechanical shock and vibration, thus avoiding the problem of microphonics in audio applications. [2] LIMITATIONS I. Silicon transistors do not operate at voltages higher than about 1,000 volts (SiC devices can be operated as high as 3,000 volts). In contrast, electron tubes have been developed that can be operated at tens of thousands of volts. II. High power, high frequency operation, such as used in over-the-air television broadcasting, is better achieved in electron tubes due to improved electron mobility in a vacuum. III. On average, a higher degree of amplification linearity can be achieved in electron tubes as compared to equivalent solid state devices, a characteristic that may be important in high fidelity audio reproduction. IV. Silicon transistors are much more sensitive than electron tubes to an electromagnetic pulse, such as generated by a nuclear explosion. V. Semiconductor material: germanium, silicon, gallium arsenide, silicon carbide, etc. VI. Structure: BJT, JFET, IGFET (MOSFET), IGBT, other types VII. Polarity: NPN, PNP (BJTs); N-channel, P-channel (FETs) VIII. Maximum power rating: low, medium, high IX. Maximum operating frequency: low, medium, high, radio frequency (RF), microwave (The maximum effective frequency of a transistor is denoted by the term fT, an abbreviation for frequency of transition. The frequency of transition is the frequency at which the transistor yields unity gain). X. Application: switch, general purpose, audio, high voltage, super-beta, matched pair XI. Physical packaging: through hole metal, through hole plastic, surface mount, ball grid array, power modules XII. Amplification factor hfe (transistor beta) Thus, a particular transistor may be described as: silicon, surface mount, BJT, NPN, low power, high frequency switch. The bipolar junction transistor (BJT) was the first type of transistor to be mass-produced. Bipolar transistors are so named because they conduct by using both majority and minority carriers. The three terminals of the BJT are named emitter, base and collector. Two p-n junctions exist inside a BJT: the base/emitter junction and base/collector junction. The [BJT] is useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by the relatively small base current. In an NPN transistor operating in the active region, the emitter-base junction is forward biased, and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased base-collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons ent ering the collector can be controlled. Unlike the FET, the BJT is a low-input-impedance device. Also, as the base-emitter voltage (Vbe) is increased the base-emitter current and hence the collector-emitter current (Ice) increase exponentially according to the Shockley diode model and the Ebers-Moll model. Because of this exponential relationship, the BJT has a higher transconductance than the FET. Bipolar transistors can be made to conduct by exposure to light, since absorption of photons in the base region generates a photocurrent that acts as a base current; the collector current is approximately beta times the photocurrent. Devices designed for this purpose have a transparent window in the package and are called phototransistors. FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTORS The field-effect transistor (FET), sometimes called a unipolar transistor, uses either electrons (in N-channel FET) or holes (in P-channel FET) for conduction. The four terminals of the FET are named source, gate, drain, and body (substrate). On most FETs, the body is connected to the source inside the package, and this will be assumed for the following description. In FETs, the drain-to-source current flows via a conducting channel that connects the source region to the drain region. The conductivity is varied by the electric field that is produced when a voltage is applied between the gate and source terminals; hence the current flowing between the drain and source is controlled by the voltage applied between the gate and source. As the gate-source voltage (Vgs) is increased, the drain-source current (Ids) increases exponentially for Vgs below threshold, and then at a roughly quadratic rate (I_{ds} propto (V_{gs}-V_T)^2) (where VT is the threshold voltage at which drain current begins) in the space-charge-limited region above threshold. A quadratic behavior is not observed in modern devices, for example, at the 65 nm technology node. For low noise at narrow bandwidth the higher input resistance of the FET is advantageous. FETs are divided into two families: junction FET (JFET) and insulated gate FET (IGFET). The IGFET is more commonly known as metal-oxide-semiconductor FET (MOSFET), from their original construction as a layer of metal (the gate), a layer of oxide (the insulation), and a layer of semiconductor. Unlike IGFETs, the JFET gate forms a PN diode with the channel which lies between the source and drain. Functionally, this makes the N-channel JFET the solid state equivalent of the vacuum tube triode which, similarly, forms a diode between its grid and cathode. Also, both devices operate in the depletion mode, they both have a high input impedance, and they both conduct current under the control of an input voltage. Metal-semiconductor FETs (MESFETs) are JFETs in which the reverse biased PN junction is replaced by a metal-semiconductor Schottky-junction. These, and the HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors, or HFETs), in which a two-dimensional electron gas with very high carrier mobility is used for charge transport, are especially suitable for use at very high frequencies (microwave frequencies; several GHz). Unlike bipolar transistors, FETs do not inherently amplify a photocurrent. Nevertheless, there are ways to use them, especially JFETs, as light-sensitive devices, by exploiting the photocurrents in channel-gate or channel-body junctions. FETs are further divided into depletion-mode and enhancement-mode types, depending on whether the channel is turned on or off with zero gate-to-source voltage. For enhancement mode, the channel is off at zero bias, and a gate potential can enhance the conduction. For depletion mode, the channel is on at zero bias, and a gate potential (of the opposite polarity) can deplete the channel, reducing conduction. For either mode, a more positive gate voltage corresponds to a higher current for N-channel devices and a lower current for P-channel devices. Nearly all JFETs are depletion-mode as the diode junctions would forward bias and conduct if they were enhancement mode devices; most IGFETs are enhancement-mode types.[3] OTHER TRANSISTORS TYPE I. Point-contact transistor, first type of transistor ever constructed II. Bipolar junction transistor (BJT) a. Heterojunction bipolar transistor up to 100s GHz, common in modern ultrafast and RF circuits b. Grown-junction transistor, first type of BJT c. Alloy-junction transistor, improvement of grown-junction transistor i. Micro-alloy transistor (MAT), faster than alloy-junction transistor ii. Micro-alloy diffused transistor (MADT), faster than MAT, type of a diffused-base transistor iii. Post-alloy diffused transistor (PADT), faster than MAT, type of a diffused-base transistor iv. Schottky transistor v. Surface barrier transistor d. Drift-field transistor e. Avalanche transistor f. Darlington transistors are two BJTs connected together to provide a high current gain equal to the product of the current gains of the two transistors. g. Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) use a medium power IGFET, similarly connected to a power BJT, to give a high input impedance. Power diodes are often connected between certain terminals depending on specific use. IGBTs are particularly suitable for heavy-duty industrial applications. The Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) 5SNA2400E170100 illustrates just how far power semiconductor technology has advanced. Intended for three-phase power supplies, this device houses three NPN IGBTs in a case measuring 38 by 140 by 190mm and weighing 1.5kg. Each IGBT is rated at 1,700 volts and can handle 2,400 amperes. h. Photo transistor React to light III. Field-effect transistor a. JFET, where the gate is insulated by a reverse-biased PN junction b. MESFET, similar to JFET with a Schottky junction instead of PN one i. High Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT, HFET, MODFET) c. MOSFET, where the gate is insulated by a thin layer of insulator d. Inverted-T field effect transistor (ITFET) e. FinFET The source/drain region forms fins on the silicon surface. f. FREDFET Fast-Reverse Epitaxial Diode Field-Effect Transistor g. Thin film transistor Used in LCD display. h. OFET Organic Field-Effect Transistor, in which the semiconductor is an organic compound i. Ballistic transistor j. Floating-gate transistor Used for non-volatile storage. k. FETs used to sense environment i. Ion sensitive field effect transistor To measure ion concentrations in solution. ii. EOSFET Electrolyte-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (Neurochip) iii. DNAFET Deoxyribonucleic acid field-effect transistor IV. Spacistor V. Diffusion transistor, formed by diffusing dopants into semiconductor substrate; can be both BJT and FET VI. Unijunction transistors can be used as simple pulse generators. They comprise a main body of either P-type or N-type semiconductor with ohmic contacts at each end (terminals Base1 and Base2). A junction with the opposite semiconductor type is formed at a point along the length of the body for the third terminal (Emitter). VII. Single-electron transistors (SET) consist of a gate island between two tunnelling junctions. The tunnelling current is controlled by a voltage applied to the gate through a capacitor. VIII. Spin transistor Magnetically-sensitive IX. Nanofluidic transistor Control the movement of ions through sub-microscopic, water-filled channels. Nanofluidic transistor, the basis of future chemical processors X. Multigate devices a. Tetrode transistor b. Pentode transistor c. Multigate device d. Trigate transistors (Prototype by Intel) e. Dual gate FETs have a single channel with two gates in cascode; a configuration that is optimized for high frequency amplifiers, mixers, and oscillators f. Semiconductor material XI. The first BJTs were made from germanium (Ge). Silicon (Si) types currently predominate but certain advanced microwave and high performance versions now employ the compound semiconductor material gallium arsenide (GaAs) and the semiconductor alloy silicon germanium (SiGe). Single element semiconductor material (Ge and Si) is described as elemental. Rough parameters for the most common semiconductor materials used to make transistors are given in the table below; it must be noted that these parameters will vary with increase in temperature, electric field, impurity level, strain and various other factors: Semiconductor material characteristics Semiconductormaterial Junction forwardvoltageV @ 25  °C Electron mobilitym ²/(V ·s) @ 25  °C Hole mobilitym ²/(V ·s) @ 25  °C Max. junction temp. °C Ge 0.27 0.39 0.19 70 to 100 Si 0.71 0.14 0.05 150 to 200 GaAs 1.03 0.85 0.05 150 to 200 Al-Si junction 0.3 — — 150 to 200 The junction forward voltage is the voltage applied to the emitter-base junction of a BJT in order to make the base conduct a specified current. The current increases exponentially as the junction forward voltage is increased. The values given in the table are typical for a current of 1 mA (the same values apply to semiconductor diodes). The lower the junction forward voltage the better, as this means that less power is required to drive the transistor. The junction forward voltage for a given current decreases with increase in temperature. For a typical silicon junction the change is approximately −2.1 mV/ °C. The density of mobile carriers in the channel of a MOSFET is a function of the electric field forming the channel and of various other phenomena such as the impurity level in the channel. Some impurities, called dopants, are introduced deliberately in making a MOSFET, to control the MOSFET electrical behavior. The electron mobility and hole mobility columns show the average speed that electrons and holes diffuse through the semiconductor material with an electric field of 1 volt per meter applied across the material. In general, the higher the electron mobility the faster the transistor. The table indicates that Ge is a better material than Si in this respect. However, Ge has four major shortcomings compared to silicon and gallium arsenide: I. its maximum temperature is limited II. it has relatively high leakage current III. it cannot withstand high voltages IV. it is less suitable for fabricating integrated circuits Because the electron mobility is higher than the hole mobility for all semiconductor materials, a given bipolar NPN transistor tends to be faster than an equivalent PNP transistor type. GaAs has the highest electron mobility of the three semiconductors. It is for this reason that GaAs is used in high frequency applications. A relatively recent FET development, the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), has a heterostructure (junction between different semiconductor materials) of aluminium gallium arsenide (AlGaAs)-gallium arsenide (GaAs) which has double the electron mobility of a GaAs-metal barrier junction. Because of their high speed and low noise, HEMTs are used in satellite receivers working at frequencies around 12GHz. Max. junction temperature values represent a cross section taken from various manufacturers data sheets. This temperature should not be exceeded or the transistor may be damaged. Al-Si junction refers to the high-speed (aluminum-silicon) semiconductor-metal barrier diode, commonly known as a Schottky diode. This is included in the table because some silicon power IGFETs have a parasitic reverse Schottky diode formed between the source and drain as part of the fabrication process. This diode can be a nuisance, but sometimes it is used in the circuit.[4] Packaging Through-hole transistors (tape measure marked in centimetres) Transistors come in many different packages (chip carriers) (see images). The two main categories are through-hole (or leaded), and surface-mount, also known as surface mount device (SMD). The ball grid array (BGA) is the latest surface mount package (currently only for large transistor arrays). It has solder balls on the underside in place of leads. Because they are smaller and have shorter interconnections, SMDs have better high frequency characteristics but lower power rating. Transistor packages are made of glass, metal, ceramic or plastic. The package often dictates the power rating and frequency characteristics. Power transistors have large packages that can be clamped to heat sinks for enhanced cooling. Additionally, most power transistors have the collector or drain physically connected to the metal can/metal plate. At the other extreme, some surface-mount microwave transistors are as small as grains of sand. Often a given transistor type is available in different packages. Transistor packages are mainly standardized, but the assignment of a transistors functions to the terminals is not: different transistor types can assign different functions to the packages terminals. Even for the same transistor type the terminal assignment can vary (normally indicated by a suffix letter to the part number- i.e. BC212L and BC212K)[5]. CONCLUSION A unified noise model which incorporates both the number fluctuation and the correlated surface mobility fluctuation mechanism is discussed. The latter is attributed to the Coulombic scattering effect of the fluctuating oxide charge. The model has a functional form resembling that of the number fluctuation theory, but at certain bias conditions it may reduce to a form compatible with Hooges empirical expression. The model can unify the noise data reported in the literature, without making any ad hoc assumption on the noise generation mechanism. Specifically, the model can predict the right magnitude and bias dependence of the empirical Hooge parameter. Simulated noise characteristics obtained with a circuit-simulation-oriented fnoise model based on the new formulation were compared with experimental noise data. Excellent agreement between the calculations and measurement was observed in both the linear and saturation regions for MOS transistors fabricated by different technologies. T he work shows that the flicker noise in MOS transistors can be completely explained by the trap charge fluctuation mechanism, which produces mobile carrier number fluctuation and correlated surface mobility fluctuationIn electronics, a transistor is a semiconductor device commonly used to amplify or switch electronic signals. A transistor is made of a solid piece of a semiconductor material, with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistors terminals changes the current flowing through another pair of terminals. Because the controlled (output) power can be much larger than the controlling (input) power, the transistor provides amplification of a signal. The transistor is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices, and is used in radio, telephone, computer and other electronic systems. Some transistors are packaged individually but most are found in integrated circuits. REFERENCES- [1]www.ciphersbyritter.com/NOISE/NOISRC.HTM [2]www.nikhef.nl/~jds/vlsi/noise/transistor [3]www.colorado.edu/physics/phys3330/phys3330_fa05/manual/Exp [4]www.imagesensors.org/Past%20Workshops/2003%20Workshop/2003%20Papers/27%20Findlater%20et%20al [5]www.ansoft.com/news/articles/HF0605

Buddhism :: essays research papers

Buddhism: Things I Find Interesting As I was reading the selected portions of the book for this chapter, I came across a few things that I found interesting. At first I did not catch them, but after I went back and reread the selections, I found these things, that I thought were intriguing. Buddhism is supposedly a non-theistic religion. However, in the reading titled "The Majjhim-Nikaya: Questions Which Lend Not to Edification" (5.1) and in "Realizing the Four Noble Truths" (5.3, the Buddha is continually referred to as "The Blessed One". If he is only a man, why is he referred to in such a way? Other Buddhists have the potential to become Buddhas, so would they also be referred to as "Blessed One"? If this Buddha was not the first, and not the last Buddha, why are other Buddhas also not referred to as "Blessed ones"? In my opinion, if this Buddha is not considered to be a god, then he should at least be referred to as "One of the Blessed Ones" instead of "The Blessed One". Another concept that I found interesting was the idea of duality that was discussed in "The Majjhima-Nikaya: Questions Which Lend Not to Edification" (5.1). I do not quite understand it, so I was intrigued it. The selection says that the soul and body are identical, and then that the soul and body are separate. It says that the world is finite and that the world is infinite. It also says that the world is eternal and then that it is not. How can these things be? I do not understand how the saint can both exist and not exist after death. I think that in my worldview, things such as these concepts are not present. I see ideas such as the world, and the body and soul as one way or the other.

History †French Revolution Essay

I truly believe it was the collective effect of all the causes of the French Revolution that finally caused the people to rise up. In 1789 the people of France were suffering under the rule of Louis XVI, who used the countries money to provide him and his family the most luxurious life imaginable, while the people starved. The political regime of the time was a absolute monarchy (regime in which the country is ruled by a King or Queen, who inherit this position and has absolute power), but in theory there was a form of parliament, Estates General that consisted of elected representatives. This group of people could only meet if the King allowed or requested the meeting and in the 175 years of the parliament’s existence there had not been a single meeting. This fact frustrated the people because the King did not take their opinion and needs in consideration. Louis XVI would do as he pleased, a clear example of that was placing people in jail for no absolute reason except maybe his dislike for them. During the 18th century France was in a number of wars leaving the country with a lot of debts. In 1780’s the country had to borrow more money simply to pay interest (the amount of money paid on the money borrowed) on their debts. The royal family had a lifestyle the country could not support because only the lower classes were taxed, the peasants (people who worked on the land), while the higher classes, clergy (the religious leaders, individuals that worked for the roman catholic church, ex: priests) and the nobles (entities with a high social rank, ex: Ladies and Lords) did not pay tax at all. In other words the tax system needed a urgent reform (improvement). The social structure was horribly unfair. It was divided in three groups that were called â€Å"Estates†. The first estate was the Clergy, the people who belong to this estate worked for the Roman Catholic Church, which was at the time the main religion in France. At this specific stage in time the church owned a lot of land and most of their high officials were extremely wealthy. The Nobles formed the second estate. They were given many special rights and privileges. The third estate was made up of 98% of the people. This estate was where all the peasants, middle class traders and all kinds of professionals (ex. Lawyers). They paid heavy tax and had absolutely no privileges at all. Above all the estates was the King and his family with the absolute power. â€Å"It was the collective effect of all the causes of the French Revolution that finally caused the people to rise up. † History Essay Lara Ismael Nogueira Martha  For many centuries people in the whole of Europe accepted the authority of both their Kings and the Roman Catholic Church, a clear example of that was the â€Å"Divine Right of Kings† (this concept simply means that people believed their Kings and Queens were a representation of God and had to be respected and adored as such). Finally during the 18th century many philosophers started questioning these ideas. These period was called the Age of Enlightenment because the people began to question the old ways, led by the church, and created their own. Science had great advances during these times because everything was new, there was something to be discovered everyday†¦ it was at this point that Theocentrism (God in the center of the universe) was put aside and gave room for a complete new way of thinking and living, Anthropocentrism (man in the center of the universe). Diderot was a clear example of a philosopher that question the church and made his opinion well known. He was the leader of a group made up of philosophers that called themselves the â€Å"Encyclopaedists†, they’re goal was to write a series of books called â€Å"Encyclopaedia† (books that contained all existing knowledge). As they began to write the books they became more and more aware of the situation in France. They made their books public, therefore everyone could read them, this act helped spread the revolutionary ideas more than they already were. As the popularity of the Encyclopaedia grew so did the need for individual opinions. Another great example was Rousseau he was the true star, known as the father of democracy, he believed in equality among the people, and wrote about rules that weren’t based or chosen by God but by the people. This was the basic principles of democracy. In May of 1789 the representatives formed the National Assembly and met outside Paris against the Kings will and started a process of reform. They vowed to continue working until they had drawn up a new constitution for the country. However the process was very slow and the people of Paris grew impatient, the bread prices were constantly rising and the unemployment rate grew. On the 14th of July of 1789 angry people invaded the Bastille, killed the governor also some of the soldiers who tried to stop them and freed prisoners. When the news of the takeover reached other parts of France the ordinary people revolted and just like that the revolution started. â€Å"It was the collective effect of all the causes of the French Revolution that finally caused the people to rise up. † History Essay Lara Ismael Nogueira Martha In conclusion all this events such as the rise of bread prices and the unemployment rate in the country, the lack of interest the King showed for his people’s needs and the unfairness between classes made the people of France stand up for all they believed they deserved and needed.

GATTACA: ‘Vincent is supposed to be weak. Yet his strength of character is the key to the story.’ Essay

‘Vincent is supposed to be weak. Yet his strength of character is the key to the story.’ Discuss. The film text ‘Gattaca’, directed by Andrew Niccol can be seen as a piece that draws many parallels to the world that we live in today. One such parallel is the fact that often in society, the ones who are at a disadvantage are the ones who display the greatest strength of character. Niccol uses Vincent as the vehicle through which he demonstrates how strength of character can neutralise and overcome disadvantages faced. Gattaca portrays a society that no longer takes into consideration a person’s character. Vincent’s refusal to ‘play the hand he was dealt’ is his key to success. The text makes a clear distinction between ‘human’ and genetic traits. So clear is the distinction that Niccol uses separate vehicles to display each set of traits. As the traits and the vehicles clash, Niccol creates a sense of sympathy for Vincent as he is portrayed as the disadvantaged and weak in society in the sense that he does not possess the physical and mental assets that make him a valued member of society. A key example of this is the recurring games of ‘chicken’ between Vincent and his genetically superior brother Anton. Anton beats Vincent time and time again as is expected of Anton by society. However, when Vincent bests his brother one day an emphasis is placed on the manner in which he beat his brother. â€Å"You wanna know how I did it? I never saved anything for the swim back!† This creates the impression to the viewer that Vincent did not win with superior stamina, skill or physical strength, rather he won as he possessed traits lik e courage, determination and grit, traits that are lost in the geno-centric society in which he loves but traits that are valued and admired in todays society. The text can be seen as parallel to today’s society as often it is those who are faced with the greatest disadvantage who succeed. Vincent’s journey is a classic tale of 1 against the world or in this case 2 against the world. At every bend society is there to stop Vincent from achieving his lifelong dream of going to space. Even his parents try to prevent him from attaining  his goal, â€Å"Vincent, the only way you’ll see the inside of a spaceship is if you’re cleaning it.† This coming from his father can be seen as the ultimate discouragement but instead Vincent uses it to spur himself onwards and upwards both literally and figuratively. In relation to the real world, notable figures like Oscar ‘Blade Runner’ Pistorious overcame what is seen as a severe athletic disability in today’s society to compete at the 2012 London Olympics. While it is not uncommon to hear of ‘rags to riches’ tales in todays society, the one notable difference between today’s society and Vincent’s society, is that disadvantaged people are given every chance to make the most of their life (in 1st world countries), yet in Vincent’s society the disadvantaged are shunned and are viewed as a blight on society. Gattaca is a reminder that you cannot judge one on their outwardly appearance or in Gattaca’s case, a persons genetic composition. As the saying goes, ‘don’t judge a book by its cover.’ Vincent is once again used as the vehicle through which Niccol conveys this message. To the eyes of society, Vincent is an ‘invalid’ with inferior physical capabilities, high risk of heart failure and other deficiencies and with a â€Å"life expectancy of 30.2 years.† However, because of the ‘faceless’ society that Vincent lives in (which refers to personality as much as it does to physical appearance) he lacks the opportunity to progress with his life as his strengths of character are not held in anywhere near the same esteem as desirable genetics are. Vincent claims, â€Å"There is no gene for fate.† This is in reference to the fact that he is of the belief that genes aren’t everything, even if society has such beliefs. Rather there is an element in every human being that makes him or her truly unique and this is what Vincent prides himself on, the fact that his assets which are undeterminable by genetics are what makes him the person that he his. While the society in which Vincent lives in regards Vincent as weak and inferior, his character is both key to his success and the story as without his steely resolve and fierce determination there would be no story as society would continue to function as it was designed. Parallels can be drawn with Vincent’s plight and the journey’s of figures in our society like Oscar Pistorious. Gattaca serves to compound the message that has been  passed down through generations by reasserting that you shouldn’t judge a person before you know them personally. Vincent refuses to ‘play the hand he was dealt’ and this is the focal point around which Gattaca was told.